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00:00:39,080 --> 00:00:41,360
On completion of this training sequence,

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00:00:41,620 --> 00:00:45,850
you will be able to produce
coherent text while respeaking

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00:00:45,910 --> 00:00:49,020
by extracting and combining
the information

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00:00:49,080 --> 00:00:51,160
conveyed with the speakers’ material.

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00:00:52,090 --> 00:00:57,000
You will identify which non-verbal elements
need to be turned into verbal

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00:00:57,070 --> 00:01:01,850
for each LTA trained working context
by applying techniques

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00:01:01,920 --> 00:01:06,370
like changing colours or font-size
or inserting labels.

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00:01:07,360 --> 00:01:11,360
You will type/dictate punctuation
while keeping the pace of the speaker.

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00:01:14,460 --> 00:01:17,130
This is the agenda of this presentation.

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00:01:17,530 --> 00:01:20,230
I will first recall
the skills of the respeaker

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00:01:20,530 --> 00:01:23,600
to then concentrate
on the meta-linguistic skills,

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00:01:23,670 --> 00:01:26,580
with a focus
on the dictation of punctuation.

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00:01:26,800 --> 00:01:29,570
Punctuation is essential
during a respeaking performance

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00:01:29,640 --> 00:01:32,540
because it improves texts’ functionality

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00:01:32,740 --> 00:01:37,340
in terms of accuracy, readability
and legibility of transcripts.

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00:01:38,390 --> 00:01:41,030
I will finally focus
on main punctuation characters

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00:01:41,090 --> 00:01:44,560
that you will be requested to practice
along the course

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00:01:44,620 --> 00:01:48,780
to develop, reinforce
and maintain the skills at hand.

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00:01:55,930 --> 00:01:57,020
As you have seen,

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a respeaker has to do
many things at the same time.

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00:02:00,550 --> 00:02:04,740
In Element 2 – LO1,
we have dealt with Meta-linguistic skills.

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00:02:05,170 --> 00:02:06,880
They are all those skills

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00:02:06,950 --> 00:02:09,030
related to being able to improve

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00:02:09,100 --> 00:02:13,730
textual, verbalization
and dictation skills at the same time,

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00:02:14,060 --> 00:02:17,530
which is another set of skills
a respeaker has to possess.

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00:02:18,800 --> 00:02:23,190
In particular, for a respeaker to be able
and become a professional in the field,

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00:02:23,550 --> 00:02:27,250
he or she has also to be able
to process and guarantee

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a good functionality of the final product.

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00:02:30,580 --> 00:02:32,820
He or she has to guarantee accuracy,

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readability and legibility
of the text produced.

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This all involves firstly and foremost
the ability of the respeaker to perform

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a good analysis, synthesis

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00:02:43,890 --> 00:02:46,580
and reformulation
of the speaker’s discourse.

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00:02:47,640 --> 00:02:51,070
While you can only develop
these competences by the time

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and thanks to ad hoc exercises,

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you may be interested in knowing
how this meta-linguistic skills work.

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00:02:59,160 --> 00:03:03,940
Indeed, this is exactly
what we will see in the next section.

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In this Element 2, we will deal with
the dictation of punctuation.

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00:03:19,870 --> 00:03:23,400
As we know
and as in any multitasking process

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00:03:23,460 --> 00:03:26,340
which involves
doing different things at the same time,

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00:03:26,960 --> 00:03:30,590
two main types of skills are involved
in respeaking.

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00:03:31,090 --> 00:03:34,750
The first is understanding,
aimed at comprehending the source text.

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00:03:35,250 --> 00:03:37,000
The second is respeaking,

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00:03:37,390 --> 00:03:40,990
aimed at making
the most out of understanding

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under stressful conditions

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00:03:43,190 --> 00:03:46,120
and with a reduced processing capacity
than usual.

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00:03:47,190 --> 00:03:50,630
Typing/Dictating punctuation
while keeping the pace of the speaker

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00:03:50,760 --> 00:03:53,860
is another important skill
in order to render

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00:03:53,930 --> 00:03:56,500
the functionality
of the final respoken text.

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00:03:57,650 --> 00:04:01,850
Important to such a good performance are
the ability to understand

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00:04:01,910 --> 00:04:04,680
the communicative intention
of the source message,

52
00:04:05,080 --> 00:04:08,250
to understand
the red thread of the discourse,

53
00:04:08,740 --> 00:04:12,700
the capacity to select and focalize
the relevant information

54
00:04:12,870 --> 00:04:16,270
and to divide
between main and secondary ideas

55
00:04:16,760 --> 00:04:19,370
and to deliver
an accurate oral punctuation.

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00:04:20,740 --> 00:04:24,240
More, the capacity to identify
the discourse connectors,

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00:04:24,400 --> 00:04:28,660
while deducing meaning through context
and extra-linguistic elements.

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00:04:29,250 --> 00:04:33,510
Last but not least, there is the ability
to condense information

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00:04:33,570 --> 00:04:36,410
and to segment information in sense units.

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00:04:37,190 --> 00:04:41,970
This is the result of a good mix
of accuracy, readability,

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and legibility of the text produced
as a final text.

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00:04:48,720 --> 00:04:50,210
In the case of respeaking,

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00:04:50,310 --> 00:04:53,050
the most common method used to evaluate

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00:04:53,110 --> 00:04:56,280
the quality of subtitles
produced in real time

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00:04:56,610 --> 00:04:58,820
consists of assessing accuracy.

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Needless to say,
where quality is concerned,

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00:05:02,570 --> 00:05:05,930
there are also
other features to be considered,

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00:05:06,360 --> 00:05:11,180
such as delay, positioning,
character identification and speed,

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00:05:11,410 --> 00:05:15,570
as well as factors
relating to their reception by readers,

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00:05:15,640 --> 00:05:18,080
such as comprehension or perception.

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00:05:20,530 --> 00:05:24,300
Readability is about arranging
words and groups of words

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00:05:24,630 --> 00:05:29,410
in a way that allows the reader's eye
to access the content easily

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and in a way that makes sense.

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00:05:34,380 --> 00:05:35,960
It is important to understand

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00:05:36,030 --> 00:05:39,300
what makes
one typeface more legible than another.

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00:05:39,890 --> 00:05:44,150
But basically, legibility is the quality
deriving from a text

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00:05:44,210 --> 00:05:47,580
which can be read and understood
without much effort.

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00:05:48,130 --> 00:05:52,620
It also means that the message can fully
and immediately reach the recipient.

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00:05:53,340 --> 00:05:56,540
The main rules to follow
when dictating the text

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00:05:56,860 --> 00:06:02,070
are dictating in an orderly manner
while keeping the pace of the speaker

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00:06:02,140 --> 00:06:04,810
and making sentences
which are not too long.

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00:06:05,410 --> 00:06:09,660
Punctuation plays a paramount role
in this structuring of the text.

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00:06:18,410 --> 00:06:22,500
We have already highlighted
that using punctuation in respeaking

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00:06:22,570 --> 00:06:25,410
improves the readability and usability
of transcripts.

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00:06:26,030 --> 00:06:29,500
As a fact,
punctuation used in the right place

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00:06:29,770 --> 00:06:32,500
significantly improves
the readability of transcripts

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00:06:32,770 --> 00:06:35,740
and reduces
the time it takes to edit them.

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It is the use of special marks to enable
readers to understand a piece of writing.

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Good punctuation follows
the rhythms of speech,

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telling the reader
to pause at the right points

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00:06:48,570 --> 00:06:53,020
and to organize the information
in the document that he or she is reading.

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00:06:54,180 --> 00:06:58,010
It reduces misunderstandings
and makes the writing clear.

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But how important is punctuation

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00:07:01,780 --> 00:07:04,840
and which are the most commonly used
punctuation characters

95
00:07:04,840 --> 00:07:06,590
in real-time subtitling?

96
00:07:07,480 --> 00:07:10,750
We are now going to dive
into its importance in transcription,

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00:07:10,980 --> 00:07:15,070
describing how we intend
and how we use punctuation.

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00:07:15,730 --> 00:07:18,010
First of all, it is important to highlight

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that punctuation marks fall
under the domains

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of both verbal communication
and non-verbal communication,

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which includes any communication act
except speech.

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In particular,

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full-stop, comma,

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00:07:32,860 --> 00:07:36,330
exclamation mark
and question mark are the marks used

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00:07:36,390 --> 00:07:39,890
within the real-time subtitled
communication context,

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00:07:40,150 --> 00:07:44,610
and other signs such as parenthesis,
quotation marks,

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00:07:44,670 --> 00:07:50,050
ellipsis and others are the signs used
for the non-verbal communication.

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Specifically
for the non-verbal communication context,

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what I will explain will be
a general overview,

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but it is important to bear in mind

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that the use of punctuation marks depends
on the country of reference,

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meaning that in different countries

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we make a different use
of the punctuation marks.

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00:08:09,330 --> 00:08:10,940
While, on the other hand,

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the punctuation marks pertaining to the verbal communication

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are generally shared in their use.

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A full-stop marks
the end of a complete sentence

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that is not a question or an exclamation.

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It looks like other marks

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such as decimal points
and abbreviation points in acronyms,

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but it does a different job.

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It ends a unit of sense

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and in the reading process marks
a similar but longer pause than commas do.

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When respeaking, you can also use periods
at the end of phrases

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that are not fully sentences.

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For example:

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00:08:49,420 --> 00:08:54,570
I like to break my writing up. You know.

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Obviously, in respeaking,

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subtitles and lines are to be broken
at logical points.

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The ideal line-break will be at a piece
of punctuation

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like a full stop (more than a comma).

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If the break has to be elsewhere
in the sentence,

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the respeaker avoids splitting
the following parts of speech:

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1. article and noun,
for example the + table; a + book;

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00:09:23,510 --> 00:09:28,230
2. preposition and following phrases,
for example on + the table;

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in + a way; about + his life;

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00:09:33,770 --> 00:09:36,680
3. conjunction and following phrase/clause,

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for example and + those books;
but + I went there;

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00:09:43,670 --> 00:09:47,340
4. pronoun and verb, for example he + is;

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00:09:48,100 --> 00:09:54,200
they + will come; it + comes;

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00:09:55,030 --> 00:09:58,920
5. parts of a complex verb,
for example have + eaten;

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will + have + been + doing.

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00:10:06,840 --> 00:10:09,910
Commas break sentences up
into smaller parts

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that are easier to understand.

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00:10:12,120 --> 00:10:17,070
They signify natural pauses,
segregate pieces of information,

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and separate items in a list,
whether nouns or adjectives.

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00:10:22,420 --> 00:10:24,990
We use comma for pausing for breath.

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You can use a comma
to insert a natural break

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between two parts of a sentence,

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or to join two short sentences.

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For example:

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00:10:34,100 --> 00:10:37,540
He ran down the street
as fast as he could,

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and tripped over his shoelaces.

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Here, the comma, together with "and",
joins the two sentences:

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"He ran down the street
as fast as he could"

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and "He tripped over his shoelaces".

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00:10:53,040 --> 00:10:55,480
Commas of this kind reflect the fact

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that sometimes
you need to pause your train of thoughts

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00:10:59,240 --> 00:11:00,890
to make sense of the words.

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00:11:02,280 --> 00:11:05,350
We also use comma
to inserting additional information.

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Commas are also useful
when you want to insert groups of words

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that add new information to a sentence,

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but which do not change its basic meaning.

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For example:

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00:11:16,900 --> 00:11:22,670
Michael, who was taller than James,
was the eldest of the children.

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00:11:23,730 --> 00:11:27,060
"Michael was the eldest of the children"
makes sense on its own,

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00:11:27,490 --> 00:11:32,340
but commas allow you to add the fact
that "Michael was taller than James"

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00:11:32,480 --> 00:11:36,830
without simply sticking it awkwardly
on the end of the sentence.

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00:11:38,500 --> 00:11:41,830
More, we use comma
to separating items in lists.

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You can also use commas
to separate items in lists.

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00:11:45,460 --> 00:11:51,370
One fixed rule is that lists
of three or more items need a comma

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between the first and second items.

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A comma is also needed
between the second and third items

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if the list has four items, and so on.

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The exclamation point is a mark
of punctuation

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in verbal communication.

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00:12:07,490 --> 00:12:08,480
To be effective,

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the exclamation point should be used
in moderation.

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00:12:12,040 --> 00:12:13,460
At the end of a sentence,

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00:12:13,530 --> 00:12:17,160
the exclamation point is a mark
of terminal punctuation.

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00:12:17,450 --> 00:12:21,410
As such, it should not be followed
by a period or question mark.

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00:12:22,520 --> 00:12:26,120
Some will use both a question mark
and exclamation point

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00:12:26,380 --> 00:12:28,300
for an exclamatory question,

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but only the exclamation point
is truly necessary.

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00:12:32,320 --> 00:12:38,330
For example:
What in the world are you doing up there!

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00:12:41,590 --> 00:12:44,930
The question mark is used
at the end of a direct question.

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00:12:45,420 --> 00:12:47,770
Indirect questions take a period.

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00:12:48,230 --> 00:12:51,960
For example: What is she doing tonight?

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00:12:52,480 --> 00:12:56,680
or: I wonder what she’s doing tonight.

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00:12:57,860 --> 00:13:01,130
When a direct question occurs
within a larger sentence,

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00:13:01,360 --> 00:13:02,850
it takes a question mark.

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00:13:03,140 --> 00:13:04,430
Note in the example:

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00:13:05,160 --> 00:13:10,170
Would they make it on time? she wondered.

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00:13:13,600 --> 00:13:18,130
The colon has grammatical uses
but also non grammatical uses.

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00:13:18,620 --> 00:13:22,150
Grammatically,
it is used to introduce a list of items.

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00:13:22,180 --> 00:13:23,170
For example:

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00:13:23,440 --> 00:13:27,230
The bookstore specializes
in three subjects:

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00:13:27,730 --> 00:13:32,080
art, architecture, and graphic design.

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00:13:33,080 --> 00:13:36,900
In real-time subtitling,
and as for the non-grammatical uses,

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00:13:37,140 --> 00:13:40,730
the colon is used
in order to introduce a direct speech

201
00:13:40,800 --> 00:13:44,070
which cannot be turned
into indirect speech.

202
00:13:44,400 --> 00:13:48,650
For example: She said: What’s your name?

203
00:13:49,110 --> 00:13:52,020
Instead of she asked what her name was.

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00:13:53,110 --> 00:13:58,020
Moreover, colon is used for quoting
citations only in some countries,

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00:13:58,090 --> 00:13:59,250
among which is Italy.

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00:14:00,000 --> 00:14:02,740
Other countries use
quotation marks, instead.

207
00:14:05,550 --> 00:14:08,250
As for the non-verbal communication,
again,

208
00:14:08,320 --> 00:14:09,900
it is important to remark

209
00:14:10,070 --> 00:14:13,170
that what I will explain
will be a general overview.

210
00:14:13,500 --> 00:14:15,810
However, it is important to bear in mind

211
00:14:15,910 --> 00:14:19,210
that the use of punctuation marks
depends on the country

212
00:14:19,280 --> 00:14:21,450
the real-time subtitler works for,

213
00:14:21,880 --> 00:14:23,760
meaning that in different countries

214
00:14:24,000 --> 00:14:27,690
he or she makes a different use
of the punctuation marks.

215
00:14:28,950 --> 00:14:30,370
While, on the other hand,

216
00:14:30,470 --> 00:14:33,420
the punctuation marks pertaining
to the verbal communication

217
00:14:33,500 --> 00:14:35,610
are generally shared in their use.

218
00:14:36,700 --> 00:14:40,200
The non-verbal communication
punctuation marks may include:

219
00:14:40,560 --> 00:14:44,920
parentheses (in Italy),
or brackets (in UK and USA),

220
00:14:45,550 --> 00:14:50,360
quotation marks,
ellipses (in Italy) or dashes (in UK),

221
00:14:50,960 --> 00:14:54,790
and other signs always according
to the country in question,

222
00:14:55,080 --> 00:14:58,520
for example sign major or minor than.

223
00:14:59,270 --> 00:15:01,220
We will now see these signs,

224
00:15:01,290 --> 00:15:05,410
the so-called paragraphematic signs
for non-verbal communication.

225
00:15:06,170 --> 00:15:09,870
The parentheses indicate
additional information or concepts

226
00:15:10,100 --> 00:15:12,440
which are different
from the spoken discourse.

227
00:15:13,240 --> 00:15:14,650
Important to say is

228
00:15:14,720 --> 00:15:19,700
that bracketed information should be
an addition, not a substitution.

229
00:15:20,960 --> 00:15:24,590
For example: (Michael laughs),

230
00:15:25,610 --> 00:15:29,370
intends to pass the concept
that besides the verbal speech,

231
00:15:29,700 --> 00:15:31,090
something is happening

232
00:15:31,150 --> 00:15:34,690
which cannot be respoken
by the real-time subtitler.

233
00:15:35,910 --> 00:15:39,270
Also, if a quotation includes
a foreign word or phrase

234
00:15:39,340 --> 00:15:41,220
that might not be understood,

235
00:15:41,480 --> 00:15:43,730
parentheses provide a translation

236
00:15:43,760 --> 00:15:46,570
to better understand
the meaning of the whole sentence.

237
00:15:46,960 --> 00:15:50,660
For example:
I seldom spoke in French class.

238
00:15:51,090 --> 00:15:54,780
When I did,
I usually just said je ne sais pas

239
00:15:55,570 --> 00:15:57,360
(I don’t know).

240
00:16:01,120 --> 00:16:05,670
Quotation marks clarify written language
for both readers and writers

241
00:16:05,740 --> 00:16:10,420
by marking quotations, titles,
translations and other words and phrases.

242
00:16:10,910 --> 00:16:15,280
In respeaking, quotation marks perform
the following basic functions:

243
00:16:15,900 --> 00:16:17,920
1. Enclose direct quotations:

244
00:16:18,770 --> 00:16:22,570
direct quotations are quotations
that are repeated verbatim.

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For example:
President Franklin Roosevelt said,

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“The United States of America have been
suddenly and deliberately attacked

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by naval and air forces
of the Empire of Japan”.

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2. Titles of works: use quotation marks
with titles works and parts of wholes.

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For example:
In Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone

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the first chapter is “The Boy Who Lived”.

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3. Highlight novel uses
of words and phrases:

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use quotation marks
around words and phrases

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to indicate a special sense of use.

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For example:

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The motherboard is sometimes considered

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the “brain” of a computer.

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Again, there is an important note
to make here:

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in Italy,
quotation marks are not used to cite.

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Rather, respeakers use colon.

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In other countries they are used instead
with these different uses.

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00:17:33,120 --> 00:17:38,340
An ellipsis is a set of three periods
( . . . ) indicating an omission.

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It is also used for omitted material
within quoted sentence.

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For example: Jean argues
that by simplifying one’s life,

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the laws of the universe will appear
less complex . . .

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At the same time,
dashes are used in the place of ellipses

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to mean that someone has been interrupted
while speaking.

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Again, a specific difference
for the anglosaxon countries.

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After this overview,

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a real-time subtitler should bear in mind

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the concept that verbal communication
and non verbal communication are featured

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by several and different
punctuation marks.

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The fundamentals in this distinction is

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that verbal marks of punctuation
are almost shared in all countries,

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while they are country-specific
in non verbal communication,

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and can change accordingly.

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In this LO we have introduced
the main competence of the respeaker,

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the meta-linguistic skills
in the form of dictation of punctuation

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as one important feature guarantying
the functionality of a text in respeaking.

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In particular, we have dealt
with two important aspects:

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a theoretical one
that is the text functionality,

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whose characteristics are
accuracy, readability and legibility,

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and a more practical one

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on the use of the most important
punctuation characters used by a respeaker

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both for verbal
and non verbal communication

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in order to deliver
an optimal target text to the reader.

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This, too, has to become
a mechanic and automatized action

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when respeaking.

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To do so, dictating punctuation
is the exercise to start with.

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In the homework section,
we will see how to do this in practice.